REPORT:
White Paper on Status of Fireworks Displays and Fireworks Regulation in the South Coast Air Basin and Recommendation to Seek Letter of Agreement from Disneyland Resort
SYNOPSIS:
Various theme parks throughout Southern California routinely conduct nighttime ground level and aerial fireworks and pyrotechnic displays as part of their public entertainment programs. AQMD Rule 219 specifically exempts from written permitting requirements pyrotechnic equipment, special effects, or fireworks paraphernalia equipment that is used for entertainment purposes. However, fireworks and pyrotechnic displays are subject to AQMD visible emissions and public nuisance prohibitory rules. Staff has prepared a white paper that reviews complaint history regarding fireworks displays; and describes AB2588 Risk Assessment, AQMD particulate sampling analysis results, and current and proposed strategies at one theme park to reduce emissions from fireworks displays. The white paper also provides options developed by staff for the Board's consideration, regarding fireworks displays and/or potential AQMD regulations or activities to further mitigate emissions from fireworks displays and equipment.
COMMITTEE:
Stationary Source, January 23 and June 25, 2004, Reviewed and Recommended Alternative Action (Status Report Only)
RECOMMENDED ACTION:
- Receive and file white paper.
- Approve staff recommendations to:
| a)
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Pursue a Letter of Agreement with Disneyland Resorts to continue development and implementation of alternative and new technologies to reduce total emissions and smoke resulting from fireworks and pyrotechnic displays; and |
| b)
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Report back to the Board annually regarding smoke reduction progress at the end of the next two summer seasons. |
Barry R. Wallerstein, D.Env.
Executive Officer
Background Historically, AQMD and predecessor local county air
pollution control agencies have exempted from permitting requirements
pyrotechnic equipment, special effects, or fireworks paraphernalia. AQMD
Rule 219 - Exemptions from Written Permit Requirements specifically
exempts pyrotechnic equipment from permit requirements. AQMD prohibitory
Rule 444 - Open Burning, also provides exemption from rule provisions
for various fireworks and pyrotechnics activities. However, AQMD Rules
401 - Visible Emissions, and 402 – Nuisance, do not provide exemption
for emissions from fireworks displays or pyrotechnics used in the
creation of special effects at theme parks. Disneyland Resorts,
Anaheim, has used both aerial and ground level fireworks displays and
pyrotechnics special effects as part of various public entertainment
programs since 1956. AQMD has received seventy-three (73) public
complaints alleging smoke and fallout due to fireworks from 1991 to
present. AQMD has investigated these complaints but has been unable to
substantiate the occurrence of any air quality violations as the number
of complainants on any one occasion has not yet reached the threshold
necessary to establish the legal requirement for a “considerable number”
of affected persons. In January 2002, Mr. William Fitzgerald, a board
member representing “Anaheim Home Owners Maintaining Their Environment
(HOME)” expressed concerns to the AQMD Governing Board regarding
possible adverse air quality and health impacts resulting from exposure
to emissions from multiple fireworks displays at Disneyland Resorts in
Anaheim. AQMD further investigated this complaint and reviewed
Disneyland Resorts’ AB2588 Health Risk Assessments of which the first
was submitted in 1991 and subsequently updated in 1998 and 2000. The
last two updates included emissions from all fireworks related
activities conducted at the facility. These updated assessments showed
that the facility Cancer Risks and Non-Cancer Hazard Index values were
well below any notification requirements of AB2588 or the action levels
of Rule 1402 - Control of Toxic Air Contaminants from Existing Sources.
Additionally, AQMD conducted air particulate sampling downwind of
Disneyland Resort during fireworks display activities in March and June
of 2002. The collected samples were processed in the AQMD Laboratory and
the results were reviewed by the AQMD’s Health Effects Officer. The
review showed no exceedances of the State’s Reference Exposure Levels (RELs).
To gain a broader perspective of fireworks displays in the South Coast
Air Basin, AQMD staff also evaluated the fireworks display activities of
four other Southern California entertainment theme parks and two
professional baseball parks. When compared to Disneyland Resorts, these
facilities conduct fewer fireworks displays and therefore use less
pyrotechnics materials in their shows. Also, AQMD’s review found no
public complaints regarding fireworks displays at these parks. In
August 2003, Mr. Fitzgerald expressed his concerns again to the AQMD
Governing Board. In response to Mr. Fitzgerald’s subsequent concerns
about emissions from Disneyland’s fireworks the AQMD Board directed AQMD
staff to present an overview of the fireworks activities at Disneyland
to the Stationary Source Committee. On January 23, 2004, and
subsequently on June 25, 2004, AQMD staff made presentations on
“Disneyland Fireworks Show and Air Quality Issues” to the Stationary
Source Committee. The overview provided a historical summary of
Disneyland’s aerial fireworks displays, complaint history, air quality
concerns, AQMD actions to date, applicable AQMD rules, review of
Disneyland’s AB2588 Health Risk Assessments, AQMD’s 2002 Disneyland
sampling project and results, and Disneyland’s fireworks modifications
and projected research to reduce visible emissions and odors. At the
January 23, 2004 meeting, the Stationary Source Committee recommended
that this information be presented to the full AQMD Governing Board for
their review. In preparation for the Board review, AQMD staff prepared
the attached white paper “Status of Fireworks Displays and Fireworks
Regulations in the South Coast Air Basin.” The report is a comprehensive
review of AQMD’s regulations with respect to fireworks displays,
complaint history, AQMD investigations and actions, and review of
Disneyland Resorts and other entertainment park facilities’ fireworks
activities. The report includes updated Disneyland Resorts information
regarding new fireworks air launch technology and future low-smoke and
ultra-low smoke explosives developments, which decrease the use of black
powder, resulting in reduced ground-level visible smoke and odors. As a
result of the research and experimental work accomplished by Disneyland
Resort, their proposed 2004 fireworks net explosives are reduced by 33
percent in weight compared to material used in 2003. Future Considerations
Based on the information available to date and as discussed in the white
paper, AQMD staff provides the following response options for the
Board’s consideration:
- Continue to monitor local progress towards the development and use
of air launch systems and low- and ultra-low smoke technologies with
no change to current AQMD rule requirements and exemptions.
- Initiate rule amendment activities that would remove the current
AQMD Rule 219 exemption and require permitting of various fireworks
and pyrotechnics related equipment and activities.
- Initiate rule amendment activities to remove the current Rule 444
exemption and require the reporting and management of smoke related
emissions from the detonation of fireworks and pyrotechnics related
materials.
- Enter into a Letter of Agreement with Disneyland Resorts to
continue development and implementation of alternative and new
technologies to reduce total emissions and smoke resulting from
fireworks and pyrotechnic displays.
Staff Recommendation Staff proposes 1) to seek a Letter of Agreement
in which Disneyland Resorts commits to the continued use and ongoing
evaluation and refinement of air launching technologies for aerial
fireworks displays as well as continued research into the use and
availability of low-smoke and ultra-low smoke explosives for use in
their aerial fireworks displays with the goal of phased implementation
of such technologies beginning in 2004 and through 2005-2007; and
monitor the progress of these smoke reduction efforts and report back to
the Board annually at the end of the next two summer seasons regarding
the status of these efforts and their success in reducing firework
emissions impact on Anaheim residents. However, it should be noted that
the Stationary Source Committee recommended an annual status report only
without a Letter of Agreement. Attachment
White Paper on Status of Fireworks Displays and Fireworks Regulations in the South Coast Air Basin / / /
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